Rossinow, D.(2013, April). Dawn of a new age. Cobblestone,34(4), 34-36.
Quote:
"All the scientists who worked on theManhatta Project wanted America to complete the atomic bomb before Germany did." Attomic Bomb
"They thought the new weapon would protect them and others in the military by ending the war." Ending WWII
"A nuclear arms race resulted. Once allies, the United States and the Soviet Union became enemies locked in the Cold War. The two rival superpowers each introduced many thousands of nuclear weapons far more deadly than the ones dropped on Japan. Great Britain, France, and China also built nuclear weapons. But the United States built more than 70,000 nuclear weapons between 1950 and 2000. It spent $5.5 trillion on these bombs. One trillion equals a million millions." Nuclear Arms Race
Paraphrase:
Others hoped that the nuclear bomb would create an ecologically sound source of power, however; the cost of splitting an atom and the side effects of radiation were unknown at the time of creation.Power source/ Scientific advances
While the nuclear arms race kept Russia and America at "peace" because both possesing nuclear weapons created a bit of a grid lock, it did not stop the two from supplying weapons and money to other countires in an attempt to fuel their wars.
Devorak, D.F.(2012, Winter). The other atomic bomb commander:colonel clif heflin and his "special" 216th aaf base unit. Air Power History,59(4),
14-27.
Quote:
"After almost seventy years, "The Manhattan Project" is widely recognized as the codename for the massive, top secret U.S. effort to develop and use atomic bombs in World War II. "
"conceptually defined two key organizations, a "tactical bomb imit," designated the 509th Composite Group, and a "section" of Manhattan, codenamed Project Alberta, whose mission was: ... the completion of design, procurement and preliminary assembly of [bomb] units which would be complete in every way for use with active [nuclear] material; continuation of a test program to confirm in so far as possible without using active material the adequacy in fiight of the components and assembled [bomb] units; and preparation for overseas operations against the enemy."
Paraphrase:
When the Manhattan Project "ended", part of it evolved into the Alberta project. The goal of this project was to turn nuclear science into a weapon that could be dropped from specially crafted planes in order to combat various enenmies.
The workers from the project were dispersed to various locations to continue work on developing the atomic bomb when the Manhattan Project was over. Some of these places include Los Amos where much of the science took place, Wendover AAF base, and Tinian AFF base.
Summary:
This article discusses how the aftermath of The Manhattan Project evolved into the creation of the Atomic bomb. It includes information on the military personel and what portions of the development took place at each location.
Reed, B.C. (2014). The feed materials program of the manhattan project: a foundational component of the nuclear weapons program. Physics in Perspective, 16, 461-479. doi:10.1007/s00016-014-0146-4
Quote:
" without access to and the ability of contractors to process thousands of tons of raw material quickly and to levels of purity far in excess of normal commercial operations, the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would not have come to be."
Fusco, J. ( 2014, May 23). Why nuclear power will always be scary our nuclear frenemy, which destroys cities and others, may be getting a bad rap. Newsweek Global, 162(20), 1-10.
Quote:
"Nelson points out that the ManhattanProject, for all the havoc it caused in Japan, did wonders for American innovation: "By creating a safe haven for rejected genius, America transformed herself from an R&D Appalachia to the center of everything nuclear." In his estimation, though, the Atomic Age includes intentions mostly bellicose. Not enough is made here of the "Atoms for Peace" ethos of the postwar years, when Atomic Energy Commission head Lewis L. Strauss boasted of nuclear energy "too cheap to meter.""
Paraphrase:
In order to successfully develop the atomic bomb, the us had to be turned into a "factory", parts of which stil remain in various part of Manhattan. The original idea behind this was to have space durring the Cold War and further the Manhattan Project allowing the united states ti excel in the nuclear arms race.
ushistory.org.(2016).The manhattan project. U.S History Online Textbook, 51(f),1.
Quote:
"This once classified photograph features the first atomic bomb — a weapon that atomic scientists had nicknamed "Gadget." "
Einstein penned a letter to President Roosevelt urging the development of an atomic research program later that year. Roosevelt saw neither the necessity nor the utility for such a project, but agreed to proceed slowly. In late 1941, the American effort to design and build an ATOMIC BOMBreceived its code name — the MANHATTAN PROJECT.
Hotchkiss, M.(2014, February 27). Beyond the bomb: atomic research changed medicine, biology. News at Princton,1.
Quote:
These advances were made possible by the availability of radioisotopes, which are radioactive isotopes, or variants, of stable atoms. In the post-World War II era, the U.S. government produced radioisotopes in some of the same nuclear reactors that had been built to produce material for nuclear weapons.
Summary:
This article discusses specific medical and biological uses for nuclear research such as treatments for cancer, a better understanding of how photosynthesis worked and a better understanding of how different members of an ecosystem work togerther and how the ecosystem changes if something is introduced or taken away from one or more parts. This article also highlights the fact that those working on the Manhattan Project were first and formost scientists and knew from the beginning that their research would do far more good than harm were they given the opportunity to do so.
Mike -
In 1939, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Roosevelt informing him that “it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium” and that, using this technology, “it is conceivable—though much less certain that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed.” Einstein told FDR that Nazi Germany had already begun research, making it urgent that the U.S. start its own atomic program.
Paraphrase: An important scientist, Albert Einstein, told the president that using this new method could make for a weapon with more power than any other. Einstein was worried that German scientists had already found how to utilize this method.
Summary: Einstein realized that Germany could beat them to the weapon and warned about it.
Citation: Ratnesar, R., Applegate, E., (December, 2014). The manhattan project, Business Week, 4406, 106-107.
The scientists at LANL initiated and oversaw many Cold War plutonium tests and data collection studies conducted across America on unwitting subjects.The Plutonium Files, by Eileen Welsome (1999) records many incidents of Manhattan Project data collection studies at various hospitals across the United States in which subjects received doses of radioactive iron.Easily thousands of Americans were test subjects. In one study at Vanderbilt University (1945-49) 829 pregnant women were given radioactive drinks. From 1946-53, students at a Massachusetts school for retarded boys were given daily doses of radiation mixed into breakfast foods. President Clinton released documents detaihng the tests in 1993..
Paraphrase: Many Americans became test subjects in controversial experiments that they had no idea about. The U.S. government kept this a secret from the rest of the country and world.
Summary: Scientists associated with the project oversaw controversial tests in an attempt to understand how these elements of the newly created weapon work and affect people.
Citation: Wellington, L., (Winter, 2014). In the shadow of the manhattan project, New Politics, 14(4), 41-48..
All the scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project wanted America to complete the atomic bomb before Germany did. But when they realized how powerful the bomb would be, some of them were worried. Niels Bohr was one of those scientists. He said in 1944 that such bombs could be "a perpetual menace to human security."
After America dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, some of the scientists at Los Alamos threw parties. Other scientists seemed upset when they realized how many people their creation had killed. The regular army soldiers who worked on the project, however, all seemed happy. They thought the new weapon would protect them and others in the military by ending the war. When America dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki, though, fewer people in Los Alamos celebrated. One scientist, Robert Wilson, said later, "I remember being just ill."
Right after the war, many scientists feared that the new weapon would be used again. A war in which two countries used atomic bombs against each other was almost too horrible to consider. There would be no real winner in an atomic war.
Some Americans said that no one country, not even their own, should be in control of atomic bombs. Then other countries would fear the United States and would want atomic bombs themselves. A dangerous "arms race" could start. Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, thought countries should cooperate to control I atomic weapons. Two months after the atomic bombings he said, "The peoples of this world must unite or they will perish."
Paraphrase: When scientists realized the scale of their creation, they became worried and upset. Other Americans said that no specific country should control atomic weapons.
Summary: Members of the project started to realize the capabilities of the weapons they had just helped discover. They started to worry and think of all the people these weapons would kill.
Citation: Rossinow, D., (April, 2013). Dawn of a new age, Cobblestone, 34(4), 34-36
Rossinow, D.(2013, April). Dawn of a new age. Cobblestone,34(4), 34-36.
Quote:
- "All the scientists who worked on theManhatta Project wanted America to complete the atomic bomb before Germany did." Attomic Bomb
- "They thought the new weapon would protect them and others in the military by ending the war." Ending WWII
- "A nuclear arms race resulted. Once allies, the United States and the Soviet Union became enemies locked in the Cold War. The two rival superpowers each introduced many thousands of nuclear weapons far more deadly than the ones dropped on Japan. Great Britain, France, and China also built nuclear weapons. But the United States built more than 70,000 nuclear weapons between 1950 and 2000. It spent $5.5 trillion on these bombs. One trillion equals a million millions." Nuclear Arms Race
Paraphrase:Devorak, D.F.(2012, Winter). The other atomic bomb commander:colonel clif heflin and his "special" 216th aaf base unit. Air Power History,59(4),
14-27.
Quote:
- "After almost seventy years, "The Manhattan Project" is widely recognized as the codename for the massive, top secret U.S. effort to develop and use atomic bombs in World War II. "
- "conceptually defined two key organizations, a "tactical bomb imit," designated the 509th Composite Group, and a "section" of Manhattan, codenamed Project Alberta, whose mission was: ... the completion of design, procurement and preliminary assembly of [bomb] units which would be complete in every way for use with active [nuclear] material; continuation of a test program to confirm in so far as possible without using active material the adequacy in fiight of the components and assembled [bomb] units; and preparation for overseas operations against the enemy."
Paraphrase:- When the Manhattan Project "ended", part of it evolved into the Alberta project. The goal of this project was to turn nuclear science into a weapon that could be dropped from specially crafted planes in order to combat various enenmies.
- The workers from the project were dispersed to various locations to continue work on developing the atomic bomb when the Manhattan Project was over. Some of these places include Los Amos where much of the science took place, Wendover AAF base, and Tinian AFF base.
Summary:Reed, B.C. (2014). The feed materials program of the manhattan project: a foundational component of the nuclear weapons program. Physics in Perspective, 16, 461-479. doi:10.1007/s00016-014-0146-4
Quote:
Fusco, J. ( 2014, May 23). Why nuclear power will always be scary our nuclear frenemy, which destroys cities and others, may be getting a bad rap. Newsweek Global, 162(20), 1-10.
Quote:
- "Nelson points out that the ManhattanProject, for all the havoc it caused in Japan, did wonders for American innovation: "By creating a safe haven for rejected genius, America transformed herself from an R&D Appalachia to the center of everything nuclear." In his estimation, though, the Atomic Age includes intentions mostly bellicose. Not enough is made here of the "Atoms for Peace" ethos of the postwar years, when Atomic Energy Commission head Lewis L. Strauss boasted of nuclear energy "too cheap to meter.""
Paraphrase:ushistory.org.(2016).The manhattan project. U.S History Online Textbook, 51(f),1.
Quote:
- "This once classified photograph features the first atomic bomb — a weapon that atomic scientists had nicknamed "Gadget." "
- Einstein penned a letter to President Roosevelt urging the development of an atomic research program later that year. Roosevelt saw neither the necessity nor the utility for such a project, but agreed to proceed slowly. In late 1941, the American effort to design and build an ATOMIC BOMBreceived its code name — the MANHATTAN PROJECT.
Hotchkiss, M.(2014, February 27). Beyond the bomb: atomic research changed medicine, biology. News at Princton,1.Quote:
- These advances were made possible by the availability of radioisotopes, which are radioactive isotopes, or variants, of stable atoms. In the post-World War II era, the U.S. government produced radioisotopes in some of the same nuclear reactors that had been built to produce material for nuclear weapons.
Summary:- This article discusses specific medical and biological uses for nuclear research such as treatments for cancer, a better understanding of how photosynthesis worked and a better understanding of how different members of an ecosystem work togerther and how the ecosystem changes if something is introduced or taken away from one or more parts. This article also highlights the fact that those working on the Manhattan Project were first and formost scientists and knew from the beginning that their research would do far more good than harm were they given the opportunity to do so.
Mike -In 1939, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Roosevelt informing him that “it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium” and that, using this technology, “it is conceivable—though much less certain that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed.” Einstein told FDR that Nazi Germany had already begun research, making it urgent that the U.S. start its own atomic program.
Paraphrase: An important scientist, Albert Einstein, told the president that using this new method could make for a weapon with more power than any other. Einstein was worried that German scientists had already found how to utilize this method.
Summary: Einstein realized that Germany could beat them to the weapon and warned about it.
Citation: Ratnesar, R., Applegate, E., (December, 2014). The manhattan project, Business Week, 4406, 106-107.
The scientists at LANL initiated and oversaw many Cold War plutonium tests and data collection studies conducted across America on unwitting subjects.The Plutonium Files, by Eileen Welsome (1999) records many incidents of Manhattan Project data collection studies at various hospitals across the United States in which subjects received doses of radioactive iron.Easily thousands of Americans were test subjects. In one study at Vanderbilt University (1945-49) 829 pregnant women were given radioactive drinks. From 1946-53, students at a Massachusetts school for retarded boys were given daily doses of radiation mixed into breakfast foods. President Clinton released documents detaihng the tests in 1993..
Paraphrase: Many Americans became test subjects in controversial experiments that they had no idea about. The U.S. government kept this a secret from the rest of the country and world.
Summary: Scientists associated with the project oversaw controversial tests in an attempt to understand how these elements of the newly created weapon work and affect people.
Citation: Wellington, L., (Winter, 2014). In the shadow of the manhattan project, New Politics, 14(4), 41-48..
All the scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project wanted America to complete the atomic bomb before Germany did. But when they realized how powerful the bomb would be, some of them were worried. Niels Bohr was one of those scientists. He said in 1944 that such bombs could be "a perpetual menace to human security."
After America dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, some of the scientists at Los Alamos threw parties. Other scientists seemed upset when they realized how many people their creation had killed. The regular army soldiers who worked on the project, however, all seemed happy. They thought the new weapon would protect them and others in the military by ending the war. When America dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki, though, fewer people in Los Alamos celebrated. One scientist, Robert Wilson, said later, "I remember being just ill."
Right after the war, many scientists feared that the new weapon would be used again. A war in which two countries used atomic bombs against each other was almost too horrible to consider. There would be no real winner in an atomic war.
Some Americans said that no one country, not even their own, should be in control of atomic bombs. Then other countries would fear the United States and would want atomic bombs themselves. A dangerous "arms race" could start. Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, thought countries should cooperate to control I atomic weapons. Two months after the atomic bombings he said, "The peoples of this world must unite or they will perish."
Paraphrase: When scientists realized the scale of their creation, they became worried and upset. Other Americans said that no specific country should control atomic weapons.
Summary: Members of the project started to realize the capabilities of the weapons they had just helped discover. They started to worry and think of all the people these weapons would kill.
Citation: Rossinow, D., (April, 2013). Dawn of a new age, Cobblestone, 34(4), 34-36